What is "P" factor in aviation?

"P" factor, or "Yawing Moment," refers to the asymmetrical thrust produced by a propeller when an aircraft is at an angle of attack. This phenomenon occurs primarily because the descending blade of the propeller generates more lift and, consequently, more thrust than the ascending blade. As a result, P-factor causes the aircraft to yaw towards the ascending blade's side, especially during climbs when the angle of attack is greater.

Understanding P-factor is critical for pilots operating multi-engine aircraft, as it can significantly affect handling and control, particularly during takeoff and climbing phases. This concept is also tied to the importance of recognizing how engine failure can exacerbate P-factor's effects, as the single functioning engine will pull the aircraft in a direction that must be corrected with rudder input to maintain a straight flight path.

In contrast, other options do not accurately reflect the definition or significance of P-factor in aviation. It is neither a specific flight maneuver nor a characteristic of propeller design in isolation, nor is it a general performance limitation without the specific context of how it impacts aircraft control during flight. Understanding P-factor as a critical engine factor helps become a more proficient and aware pilot.